References: examples
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
The general format for a reference to an article from a journal published on the Internet, including punctuation:
Cite an Internet journal article as you would a print article, but with these major exceptions:
- Abbreviate journal titles. Abbreviate and capitalize significant words in a journal title and omit other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions (e.g., of, the, at, in).
- Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the journal title.
- Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets following the date of publication. Use the dates for the individual journal article being cited, not the dates of the journal issue as a whole unless no dates can be found for the individual item.
- When the location (pagination) of the article is not provided, as often occurs, calculate the length of the article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes. If an article is not linear, and has many hyperlinks, it will be impossible to determine the length.
- Provide the URL or other electronic address of the article.
Standard journal article on the Internet
Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts N, Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for groin wound infection after femoral artery catheterization: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf
Journal article on the Internet with many authors (give all)
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, Hara A, Toyoda Y, Miwa I, Aizawa S, Tsutsumi S, Tsubamoto Y, Hashimoto S, Eto K, Nakamura A, Noda M, Tobe K, Aburatani H, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/cgi/content/full/117/1/246 doi:10.1172/JCI17645
Journal article on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors to the first three
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, et al. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/cgi/content/full/117/1/246
Journal article on the Internet with organization(s) as author
American Medical Association; American Nurses Association--American Nurses Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Food and Drug Administration (US), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Department of Agriculture (US), Food Safety and Inspection Service. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep [Internet]. 2004 Apr 16 [cited 2007 Jan 9];53(RR-4):1-33. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5304a1.htm
Journal article on the Internet with a governmental body as author
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional and detention facilities: recommendations from CDC. Endorsed by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the National Commission on Correctional Health Care, and the American Correctional Association. MMWR Recomm Rep [Internet]. 2006 Jul 7 [cited 2007 Jan 9];55(RR-9):1-44. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5509a1.htm
Journal article on the Internet with no author
Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. CMAJ [Internet]. 2005 Sep 13 [cited 2007 Jan 5];173(6 Suppl):S25-7. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/6_suppl/S25
Journal article on the Internet not in English
González-López E, Cuerda-Galindo E. [The use of corpses and organs in research and medical education. Lessons from history]. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet]. 2012 Apr 21 [cited 2012 Aug 11];138(10):441-4. Epub 2011 Mar 21. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/science/article/pii/S0025775311001370 Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2011.01.011
Journal article on the Internet not in English with optional original language included
Treves R. La malattia di Dupuytren [Dupuytren's disease]. Reumatismo [Internet]. 2006 Jul-Sep [cited 2007 Jan 10];58(3):239-42. Available from: http://www.reumatismo.org/admin/filesArticoli/58-3-239.pdf Italian.
Journal article on the Internet with date having a supplement
Gaal P. Benefits and entitlements in the Hungarian health care system. Eur J Health Econ [Internet]. 2005 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:37-45. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16267656
Journal article on the Internet with standard volume and issue
Garg RK, Tandon S. Smoking habits of adolescents and the role of dentists. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2006 May 1 [cited 2007 Jan 9];7(2):120-9. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/issue026/pdfs_web/garg.pdf
Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other subdivision
Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm
Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or article number
Jacobs JL, Lee MT, Lindberg M, Kamin C. Problem-based learning, multimedia, and a paucity of behavioral issue learning. Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:[5 p.]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/pdf/l0000006.pdf
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date (R) | Volume Number (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume (R) | Issue Number (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
The general format for a reference to a journal article, including punctuation:
Standard journal article
Jun BC, Song SW, Park CS, Lee DH, Cho KJ, Cho JH. The analysis of maxillary sinus aeration according to aging process: volume assessment by 3-dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;132(3):429-34.
Journal title consisting of a single word Bryant BJ, Alperin JB, Indrikovs AJ. Blood bank on-call physician's experiences at a large university medical center. Transfusion. 2005 Jan;45(1):35-40.
Journal article with many authors Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, Hardisty R, Erven A, Gray IC, Voeling S, Isaacs A, Tsai H, Strivens M, Washbourne R, Thornton C, Greenaway S, Hewitt M, McCormick S, Selley R, Wells C, Tymowska-Lalanne Z, Roby P, Mburu P, Rogers D, Hagan J, Reavill C, Davies K, Glenister P, Fisher EM, Martin J, Vizor L, Bouzyk M, Kelsell D, Guenet JL, Steel KP, Sheardown S, Spurr N, Gray I, Peters J, Nolan PM, Hunter AJ, Brown SD. Towards a mutant map of the mouse--new models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
Journal article with optional limit to the number of authors to 3 authors Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al. Towards a mutant map of the mouse--new models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
Journal article with organization as author Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol. 2005 Feb;62(2):241-8.
Journal article with organization as author, with subsidiary part of the organization included American College of Dentists, Board of Regents. The ethics of quackery and fraud in dentistry: a position paper. J Am Coll Dent. 2003;70(3):6-8.
Journal article with governmental body as author National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); Caribbean Epidemiology Centre; Pan American Health Organization; World Health Organization. Building a collaborative research agenda: drug abuse and HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean 2002-2004. West Indian Med J. 2004 Nov;53 Suppl 4:1-78.
Journal article with no author provided Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. Health News. 2005 Apr;11(4):11.
Journal article in a language other than English in a Roman alphabet Berrino F, Gatta G, Crosignani P. [Case-control evaluation of screening efficacy]. Epidemiol Prev. 2004 Nov-Dec;28(6):354-9. Italian.
Journal article in a language other than English in a Non-Roman alphabet Zhao L, Li H, Han D. [Effects of intestinal endotoxemia on the development of cirrhosis in rats]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2001 Jul;9 Suppl:21-3. Chinese.
Journal article in a language other than English with optional original language title included Calera Rubio AA, Roel Valdes JM, Casal Lareo A, Gadea Merino R, Rodrigo Cencillo F. Riesgo quimico laboral: elementos para un diagnostico en Espana [Occupational chemical risk: elements for a diagnostic in Spain]. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2005 Mar-Apr;79(2):283-95. Spanish.
Journal article title beginning with a lower case letter Yao S, Zhang Y, Li J. c-jun/AP-1 activation does not affect the antiproliferative activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer chemopreventive agent. Mol Carcinog. 2006 Aug;45(8):605-12.
Journal article with type of article indicated Jackson B, Fleming T. A drug is effective if better than a harmless control [letter]. Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1067.
Journal article with year having a special number Scott JD. The protease inhibitor drugs. Posit Aware. 2005 Winter;Spec No:16-9.
Journal article with year having a supplement Beyond menopause. Life after estrogen. Mayo Clin Health Lett. 2005 Feb;Suppl:1-8.
Journal article with year with supplement having a further division Doherty DE, Briggs DD Jr. Long-term nonpharmacologic management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;Suppl 2:S29-34.
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Series (O) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
The general format for a reference to an electronic book, including punctuation:
An Internet book is cited the same way that a print book is cited, with these exceptions:
- Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the title.
- Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets following the date of publication. Use the dates for the individual book being cited, not the dates of the Internet site as a whole unless no dates can be found for the individual item.
- When the extent (pagination) of the book is not provided, as often occurs, calculate it using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes. If a book is not linear, and has many hyperlinks, it will be impossible to determine the length.
- Provide the URL or other electronic address of the item.
Standard citation to a book on the Internet
Collins SR, Kriss JL, Davis K, Doty MM, Holmgren AL. Squeezed: why rising exposure to health care costs threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep [cited 2006 Nov 2]. 34 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
Standard chapter in a book
Reed JG, Baxter PM. Library use: handbook for psychology. 3rd ed. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2003. Chapter 2, Selecting and defining the topic; p. 11-25.
Book on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors/editors
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al., editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th ed. Columbus (OH): McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
Book on the Internet with an organization(s) as author
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. The uninsured and their access to health care [Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Oct [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 2 p. Available from: http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/The-Uninsured-and-Their-Access-to-Health-Care-Oct-2004.pdf
Book on the Internet with an organization as author having subsidiary division
National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Clinical Trial Registries. Developing a national registry of pharmacologic and biologic clinical trials: workshop report [Internet]. Washington: National Academies Press (US); 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/books/030910078X/html/.
Book on the Internet with more than one organization as author
American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf
Book on the Internet with editors where there is no author
Beers MH, Jones TV, Berkwits M, Kaplan JL, Porter R, editors. The Merck manual of health & aging [Internet]. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/contents.html
Book on the Internet with editors where there is no author with optional limit to the number of authors/editors
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al., editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th ed. Columbus (OH): McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
Book on the Internet with no authors or editors
Temporary Medicare-approved drug discount card: beneficiaries' awareness and use of information resources [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2005 Oct [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 42 p. Available from: http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
Book on the Internet with an edition or version
Wilkinson R, Marmot M, editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts [Internet]. 2nd ed. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 31 p. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e81384.pdf
Book on the Internet with an edition and a version
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html
Book on the Internet with government agency or other national body as publisher
Federal Communicators Network (US). Communicators guide for federal, state, regional, and local communicators [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Agriculture (US); 2000 Dec [revised 2001 Dec; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 75 p.]. Available from: http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/table.htm
Book on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date of publication
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Book on the Internet with update/revision date
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
Book on the Internet with no date of publication or copyright
Atlases of the brain [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library; [cited 2006 Nov 15]. Available from: http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/brain_atlas/.
Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast
James and the peanut allergy [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library; 2011 Mar 31 [cited 2011 Jul 11]. Video: 52 sec. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoCAizDEKlM&feature=player_embedded Produced in collaboration with the Biomedical Informatics Department.
Book on the Internet with DOI included
Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 446 p. Available from: http://books.mcgraw-hill.com.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/getbook.php?isbn=0071393722&template=#toc doi: 10.1036/0737302658
Conference proceedings on the Internet
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. Credentialing physician specialists: a world perspective [Internet]. Proceedings; 2000 Jun 8-10; Chicago. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialties, Research and Education Foundation; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/publications.asp
Technical report on the Internet
Baydar N, McCann M, Williams R, Vesper E (Battelle Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation, Seattle, WA). Final report. WIC infant feeding practices study [Internet]. Wieringa D, Sitchin K, editors. Alexandria (VA): Department of Agriculture (US), Food and Consumer Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation; 1997 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 254 p. Contract No.: 53-3198-3-003. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS9308
Dissertation on the Internet
Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
The general format for a reference to a print book, including punctuation:
Standard book with initials for authors
Jenkins PF. Making sense of the chest x-ray: a hands-on guide. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005. 194 p.
Eyre HJ, Lange DP, Morris LB. Informed decisions: the complete book of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. 2nd ed. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; c2002. 768 p.
Book with many authors (list all)
Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Glitman P, Lantz JC, Meyer HS, Smith JM, Winker MA, Young RK. American Medical Association manual of style. 9th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; c1998. 660 p.
Book with optional limit to the first three authors
Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, et al. American Medical Association manual of style. 9th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; c1998. 660 p.
Book with editors or translators when there is no author
Izzo JL Jr, Black HR, editors. Hypertension primer: the essentials of high blood pressure. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2003. 532 p.
Book with organization as author/editor
Advanced Life Support Group. Acute medical emergencies: the practical approach. London: BMJ Books; 2001. 454 p.
Book with multiple organizations as authors
National Lawyer's Guild AIDs Network (US); National Gay Rights Advocates (US). AIDS practice manual: a legal and educational guide. 2nd ed. San Francisco: The Network; 1988.
Book with an edition
Modlin IM, Sachs G. Acid related diseases: biology and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 522 p.
Stein E. Anorectal and colon diseases: textbook and color atlas of proctology. 1st Engl. ed. Burgdorf WH, translator. Berlin: Springer; c2003. 522 p.
Book with well-known place of publication
Kunzel W. Breech delivery. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 274 p.
Standard chapter in a book
Reed JG, Baxter PM. Library use: handbook for psychology. 3rd ed. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2003. Chapter 2, Selecting and defining the topic; p. 11-25.
Chapter in a book with optional full first names of authors
Speroff, Leon; Fritz, Marc A. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Chapter 29, Endometriosis; p. 1103-33.
Standard figure in a book with number
Lashley FR. Clinical genetics in nursing practice. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company; c2005. Figure 2.5, Meiosis with two autosomal chromosome pairs; p. 27-8.
Standard table in a book with a number
Larone DH. Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. 4th ed. Washington: ASM Press; c2002. Table 15, Characteristics of some of the "black yeasts"; p. 200.
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
The general format for a reference to a homepage, including punctuation:
Standard citation to a homepage
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/.
Homepage with author(s)
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.
Homepage with an organization(s) as author
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Tactical Programs Division, Office of Emergency Management. Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management: CHEMM [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2011] - [cited 2015 Apr 2]. Available from: http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy-v.musc.edu Produced in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine Division of Specialized Information Services and many medical, emergency response, toxicology, and other types of experts.
Homepage with no authors or editors
Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 - [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy-v.musc.edu
Homepage with unknown place of publication
Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004 [updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm
Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication
E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA Secretariat; c2000 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.
Standard part of a Web site
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Index to drug-specific information [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; [updated 2009 Jun 4]. Sleep disorder (sedative-hypnotic) drug information; [updated 2009 May 21; cited 2009 Jun 10]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm101557.htm
Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/ama/noindex/category/11871.html
Part of a Web site that is a video clip
NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
The general format for a reference to a database, including punctuation:
Standard citation to an open serial database on the Internet
MeSH Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2003 Apr - [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/mesh
Standard citation to a closed serial database on the Internet
DocFinder [Internet]. [place unknown]: Administrators in Medicine. c1997 - c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://www.docboard.org/docfinder.html
Standard citation to a single database on the Internet
Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium Discoideum [Internet]. San Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center; 2003 [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://dictyworkbench.sdsc.edu/HDGDD/.
Standard citation to a retrieval system on the Internet
Ovid [Internet]. New York: Ovid Technologies, Inc. c2000 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://gateway.ovid.com.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an individual(s) as author
Bota M. The Brain Architecture Management System [Internet]. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. c2002 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://brancusi.usc.edu/bkms/.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an organization as author
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US), Liver Diseases Research Branch; U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services. LiverTox [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2012 Apr] - [last updated 2015 Jan 28; cited 2015 Apr 24]. Available from: http://livertox.nih.gov.ezproxy-v.musc.edu/.
Drug monographs (similar to book chapter format)
Format: Authors. Web site title. Date of first publication [amended date; date cited]. In: database name [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher. Copyright date - . Available from URL.
Abacavir. [cited 2011 Oct 28]. In: AccessPharmacy, [Internet]. [place unknown]: McGraw-Hill. c1978- . Available from:http://www.accesspharmacy.com/drugContent.aspx?mid=5541.
Drug monographs from Lexi-Comp or Micromedex (similar to book chapter format)
Lexi-Comp and Micromedex have many different databases inside the resource. You must include the individual database name.
Authors. Web site title. Name of database. Date of first publication [amended date; date cited]. In: database name [Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from URL.
Lansoprazole. Lexi-Drugs. [updated 2018 Jul 3; cited 2018 Jul 9] In: Lexicomp Online [Internet]. Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. Hudson, Ohio. Available at: http://online.lexi.com/lco/action/home
Lansoprazole. DRUGDEX®. [updated 2018 Jul 6; cited 2018 Jul 9] In: IBM Micromedex® [Internet]. Truven Health Analytics, Greenwood Village, Colorado. Available at: http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/
DailyMed (similar to book chapter format)
Pharmaceutical company. Label. Publication Date [revision date; date cited]. In: Database Name [Internet]. [Copyright date] - , [page numbers]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Available from URL.
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC. Ambien cr (zolpidem tartrate) tablet, coated. 2007 [rev. 2007 Sep; cited 2009 Apr]. In: DailyMed [Internet]. [2005] - . [about 20 p.]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available from: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=5420
UpToDate Summary (similar to book chapter format but no page numbers or editions; publication year is current year; include URL)
Mottl AK, Tuttle KR. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; c2021. Diabetic kidney disease: Pathogenesis and epidemiology. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diabetic-kidney-disease-pathogenesis-and-epidemiology
DynaMed Summary (similar to webpage format)
Denker B. DynaMed. Diabetic Kidney Disease. EBSCO Information Services. Available from: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/diabetic-kidney-disease